Components of human experience in virtual environments

Framework is presented for measuring human experience in virtual environment (VE). Human experience is defined as the content of direct observation or participation in an event. Both psychological and emotional properties are integrated into this ongoing person–environment interaction to give an experience meaning and value and to enhance its quality and intensity. The sense of presence, i.e., being in the VE is in the center of psychological study of a human experience in VEs. The ‘Big three’ structure of physical presence consists of perceptual, attentional and cognitive components. However, it is considered to ignore, e.g., emotional and ecological aspects in developing a holistic human experience. In this study, components of physical presence are integrated with three different measures of interaction and a set of motivational and cognitive-affective components. These components are integral in the theory of optimal experience, i.e., flow, which has been studied in various human activities. The results show, how these different experiential components relate each other in VE. It is also shown how common patterns can be found from various experiences and profiled to better understand human–computer interaction. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.